The challenge is not, however, the rise of the “rest.” It’s the rise of the “different.” Despite occasional commercial tensions during the Cold War, the nations that emerged onto the world stage from 1945 to 1990 did so under U.S. tutelage and largely mirrored the United States economically and politically. These were the true “rest”: advanced industrialized democracies that bought into and buttressed the liberal international order. The rising powers now are fundamentally different. And it’s this difference, not the mere fact of others rising, that creates substantial challenges for the United States and the U.S.-led order.
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