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Up to now, Beijing’s tactics, as troubling as they have been, have often appeared haphazard and uncoordinated. As foreign policy analyst Shi Yinhong has noted, China’s attempts to use its economic weapons “were mainly ad-hoc reactions instead of a conscious strategy.” And it’s not hard to see why Beijing has had trouble in developing coordinated tactics. The Foreign Ministry has had to contend with the commerce, finance, and agriculture ministries, which all are influential in the making of policy. Furthermore, the larger state enterprises also have had a policymaking role.