The relationship between Europe and the United States shaped much of the 20th century. American intervention was decisive in the first and second World Wars, and the Cold War remodeled Eurasia. For Ukraine, the new model meant independence, following the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Attempts had been made to found an independent Ukrainian state prior to 1991, but these were short-lived. One such effort between 1917 and 1921 succumbed to chaos, as conflict broke out among Ukrainians who supported different political and military factions. A second attempt, led by Stepan Bandera in Lviv in 1941, ended abruptly the following year.
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