On September 27, large leaks were detected in both Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 pipelines, driving speculation about a new escalation in the energy brinksmanship between Europe and Russia. The underwater pipelines were built to carry natural gas from Russia to Europe but were not delivering gas after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On September 29, NATO issued a statement saying the leaks were the result of deliberate sabotage and stating that attacks on allies’ critical infrastructure would be met with a “united and determined response.” Q1: What will be the immediate impact on EU energy security?
