American and European policies toward the Islamic Republic have followed divergent paths in recent years. But that trend has begun to reverse since last summer, when the United Kingdom, France, and Germany triggered the “snapback” provision of the 2015 nuclear deal, reimposing all UN sanctions that had been suspended under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). With international pressure mounting, the UK and the European Union are now aligning more closely with the U.S. strategy of “maximum pressure.”
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