In Europe’s capitals, partisans of the old order—liberal institutionalists like Friedrich Merz, Keir Starmer, and Emmanuel Macron—have woken up to a world they did not prepare for. Russian aggression, American hostility, backlash against mass migration, and the persistence of right-wing populism have presented radical challenges to Europe’s establishment. These problems, often treated as a single threat, have placed European liberals in a state of siege.
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