This analysis first appeared in Le Monde
Not a single stone. Not a single carat.
Since May 23, 2013, and the suspension of the Kimberley Process - the certification scheme for the origin of rough diamonds - the Central African Republic (CAR) has officially exported none of the many diamonds that lie in its rivers. It's a massive loss of income for this bankrupted state. In 2012, even though most of the stones were already fraudulently exported, almost 372,000 carats were transported out of the country legally for a value equal to around 45 million euros.
Today, the French embassy in Bangui is calling for the sanctions to be lifted. The aim of the embargo decreed two months after the Muslim Séléka rebels took over power was to prevent armed groups from financing themselves by trading stones, but this measure led to a boom in smuggling. And it was enough to worry the World Diamond Council (WDC), which, on June 30, threatened to punish all those who violate this prohibitive measure. The WDC declaration followed a search carried out two weeks earlier in Antwerp, in Kardiam Diamond Tools' facilities.
Investigations are still ongoing to determine whether Central African stones were in "mixed lots" from Dubai. Several sources well-informed on this trafficking racket explain that one of the techniques used to "clear" the gems exported from the countries under embargo consists of mixing them with stones of other origins.
A decade-long campaign against "blood diamonds" has forced the industry to try to polish its nefarious image. The introduction of the Kimberley Process fulfilled this ambition, but its full implementation remains difficult in an environment where secret is a precious tradition.
Business no longer booming
Whether it is in Bangui or in provincial mining areas, all the collectors and the trading agencies are looking glum. According to the people involved in this field, business has slowed down and construction projects are not being launched due to insecurity and lack of funding.
"We fiddle around. I sell to a few friends but I don't keep anything in stock. Last week, three white people flew over but they were wasting their time," a collector from Bria, in the east of the country, said a few days ago. In Bangui, the main trading agencies adopted different strategies after the suspension.
According to the group of experts nominated by the United Nations Sanctions Committee, the Diamond Marketing Organization (Sodiam) is still proceeding with its purchases in diamantiferous regions and is hoarding its rough stones (more than 40,000 carats worth more than 6 million euros), waiting for the embargo to be lifted.
In the diamond sector, this raises hard questions. Once the ban on exports is lifted, will these stones be considered as clean? How does a company manage to freeze such sums of money for an undetermined period?
Badica, the second most important trading office, has no reserves, but according to several sources, this company has not stopped its purchases in eastern regions (Bria and Sam-Ouandja) controlled by the former Séléka. Both companies were pillaged when the Séléka took power in March 2013. Sodiam even saw Oumar Younous, one of its former buyers who became a rebel general, raid its offices.
A merchant's coup
At the time, some had called the putsch the "coup of the diamond merchants." The main stakeholders of the sector are Muslim traders and many had not come to terms with the Operation Closing Gate, led in 2008 by President François Bozizé and his nephew, who at the time was the Minister for Mining, when, in one single day, all their goods were confiscated. The maneuver aimed to take over this easily exchanged wealth, but that was enough to push the disadvantaged traders to support rebel movements, of which the main officers, Zacaria Damane, Abdoulaye Hissène or Mahamat Saleh, had all previously worked in the stone trade.
After operating in their area of origin in the north of the CAR, the 2013 takeover of the western mining zones was violent. In October, more than 50 people were killed in the locality of Garga, as the International Crisis Group (ICG) says in its report called The Central African Crisis: From Predation to Stabilisation, "some miners joined the anti-balaka to seek revenge for the atrocities and extortion committed by the Séléka."
Since the Séléka were removed from power in January, there has been a sort of "social revolution" in the west of the Central African Republic. The landscape was remodeled in blood when some 40 Muslims were massacred in Guenn where the miners - who represent the main part of the anti-balaka battalions - drove out the Muslim collectors and took control of the activity.
According to Aurélien Llorca, the coordinator of the UN expert group, "the satellite images in this area show an expansion of the number of mining sites and the two anti-balaka leaders there have been able to resume relations with the collectors from Sodiam and Badica."
Tel Aviv to Mumbai
Several operators of the trade say offices have opened on the Cameroonian side of the border to sell off goods. In the east of the country, where former Séléka rebels have withdrawn, the sites are usually not directly controlled by former rebels, but their superiors extort the collectors and the road taken by the smugglers leads to Sudan and Chad.
Finally, a last route goes through the border with the Democratic Republic of Congo through Lebanese networks, mainly Shia Muslims. According to another well-informed source, all these illegal export trades, which benefit from the complicity of the authorities of the different countries, lead mainly to Dubai, where the stones easily receive the Kimberley Process certification before being sent to Antwerp, Tel Aviv or Mumbai.
For Llorca, "the main obstacle for the peacekeepers when they are deployed [on Sep. 15 at the earliest] will be to regain control of the diamond trade." For years, the CAR has been a "gemocracy," the ICG says. From Emperor Bokassa and Ange-Félix Patassé to François Bozizé and Michel Djotodia, all tried to take over the gem trade when they rose to power.
